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The structure of the “gift” nature of Chinese civilization: the production movement of the post-Zheng Xuan Age
Author: Chen Bisheng (Teachered by the Department of Philosophy in Qing Dynasty)
Source: “Zhongshan Major” (Social Science Edition) 2025 Issue 1
Abstract: The reason why Chinese civilization is called “gift civilization” is closely related to the preparation of gifts after the founding of the dynasty. But there was no Han ceremony in the Han Dynasty, and it was only after Xichen that a dynasty ceremony was prepared. This situation is related to the academic changes between Han and Han. Zheng Xuan, a major academician in the late Han Dynasty, took gifts as the basis and visited the crowd, making “Zhou Fu” a model that can be simulated by later dynasties. The three Western countries’ understanding of the “peaceful system” has changed the connotation of “peaceful” from the order of conforming to the laws of heaven to the state of eliminating war. Finally, the ceremony was initially prepared with the “Five Gifts” in “Zhou Gifts” as a standard, which opened the history of the creation of a dynasty in later generations. The gift system was implemented in a very short way, but it expressed the basic value recognized by the country. The long-term and thick-suffering gift movement has shaped the “gift” nature of Chinese civilization.
Keywords: Civilization, Gift, Zhou Rong, Chengping,
In the middle of the tenth year of Emperor Zhanghe in Donghan (1987), Cao Bao followed the emperor’s intention and produced the Han gifts, and wrote 150 memorials on the emperor’s crown, marriage, auspiciousness, and tributes to the emperor. As a result, “The Grand Marshal Zhang Huang, Shang Shu Zhang Min and others were good at complimenting and complimentingBaobao.com “Han Rong” is not allowed to break the sages of the affairs. Although the emperor gave his memorials, the “Han Rong” was not allowed”[1].
In the 13th year of Yongyuan (101), Zhang Xiao submitted a memorial saying: “Han was changed to a ceremony… The former emperor had already praised Cao Cao, and now Your Majesty has only treated it to him. Duke Zhou considered the way of civil and military affairs, and was not self-control, and he had no doubts about it.” In the end, “Even though the emperor was good at it, he had not implemented it” [2].
In the fifth year of Jian’an (200th), after Zheng Xuan Constructed his tribute learning system, he passed away in Yuancheng County, and Zheng learning has spread throughout the country.
In the 20th year of Zheng Xuan’s success, the whole country began to divide three parts. Wei, Shu and Wu established the country and then set up the dynasty and the tribute system. Shen You recorded the “Song Books·Legend” and said: “Since the end of Han, the old chapter was unrestrained, and Wang Can and the Ma Dian were the ones who were determined by the Wei Dynasty; Meng Guang and Xu Ci in the Shu Dynasty created the proofreading system;At first, there were Xun Yan and Zheng’s commemorative ceremony; in Jiangzuo, there were Xun Song and Diao’s communicative and unruly affairs. ”[3]Shen Baoqing Love LoveWhat the Apostle said is not as good as Wu, but the note in “Three Kingdoms·Zhang Zhaoqi” quotes “Wu Ji”: “Zhao and Sun Shu and the heroine Wan Yurou are the only young actresses in Jiajin. Next to them are Teng Yin, Zheng Rong, etc., who are competing with Zhou and Han, and write to Chaowu. ”[4] The decisions made by Wei and Shu mentioned by Shen You were actually court officials, and their origins were from the official positions of “Zhou Guan”; and what was set at the beginning was actually the gift system, and the origins were from the five gifts held by the Chunguan officials of “Zhou Guan” in Ji, Yan, Feng, Jun and Jia. However, because Zheng Xuan studied, the court officials were mixed with the gift system.
From the national peace and security, the gift system was established to the establishment of the dynasty. The country immediately made a gift, and after a hundred years, how could it change! And the middle is separated by Zheng Xuan’s study. The dynasty’s production of a generation of rituals is a concentrated expression of the reason why Chinese civilization is a celebration of the ritual civilization. China is one of the great rituals of the rituals after Han Dynasty. After the founding of the country, all dynasties made did not look like wandering cats. “The dynasty, all sacrificial rituals and contemplations have been recorded and passed down to later generations. Because of this, later generations who compiled the unofficial history of the previous dynasties were able to write the “Quanle Zhi” to express their tribute. During the reign of the dynasty, the tribute became the standard for the emperor to cooperate with the people. After a long time of practice, the tribute became a strong and the tribute became the basic feature of Chinese civilization.
1. “Zhou Lu” has become a model
The Han Dynasty did not establish a great tradition, and the most basic reason is that its guiding thinking is the study of modern literature. In the modern literary concept, the gifts benefit at any time. Therefore, in order to have its own generational scriptures, the Han Dynasty must have two conditions: one is to promote peace and inherit peace and to promote peace and to promote gifts; the other is to have new saints emerge, and saints are to promote gifts. However, the Han Dynasty never reached peace, and there was no “Holy Emperor” in the Han Dynasty. Therefore, the Han Dynasty did not have the “gift” of its own dynasty, nor did it govern the country with “gifts”[5].
Since Zheng Xuan’s study has been widely spread across the country, Zheng Xuan has created a new academic system based on “Zhou Rong” and its most basic feature is that academic achieves tribute and “Zhou Rong” becomes a model [6]. The completeness of the tribute constructed by Zheng Xuan caused the most basic change in the attitude of the court and scholars about tribute after Wei Dynasty.
When Wei and the Han Dynasty first established the country, people said wildly that the two Han dynasties were invincible. In the first year of Jingchu, Emperor Ming of Wei, Zheng Xuan studied and built the Circular Mound. The following says: “At the beginning of Han, after the Qin Dynasty, he was able to study and practice the sacrificial sacrificial sacrificial sacrificial sacrificial sacrificial sacrificial sacrificial sacrificial sacrificial sacrificial sacrificial sacrificial sacrificial sacrificial sacrificial sacrificial sacrificial sacrificial sacrificial sacrificial sacrificial sacrificial sacrificial sacrificial sacrificial sacrificial sacrificial sacrificial sacrificial sacrificial sacrificial sacrificial sacrificial sacrificial sacrificial sacrificial sacrificial sacrificial sacrificial sacrificial sacrificial sacrificial sacrificial sacrificial sacrificial sacrificial sacrificial sacrificial sacrificial sacrificial sacrificial sacrificial sacrificial sacrificial sacrificial sacrificial sacrificial sacrificial sacrificial sacrificial sacrificial sacrificial sacrificial sacrificial sacrificial sacrificial sacrificial sacrificial sacrificial sacrificial sacrificial sacrificial sacrificial sacrificial sacrificial sacrific “A person is beautiful and can be listened to when singing.” “Three Kingdoms: Wang Chang’s Proverb” is published, Wang Chang of Wei “thinked that Wei Chengqin,The ills of Han were harsh and broken, and the national scriptures were not changed to correct the style of the previous kings, but to look at the rejuvenation of the rule and transformation, it would not be achieved.”[8]. The Zhou system after Zheng Xuan followed the Zhou system, and the two Hans could not match the style of the previous kings. Another example is the system of clothing. “The Book of the Book of the Book of the Book of the Book of the Book of the Book of the Cost of the Cost of the Cost of the Cost of the Cost of the Cost of the Cost of the Cost of the Cost of the Cost of the Cost of the Cost of the Cost of the Cost of the Cost of the Cost of the Cost of the Cost of the Cost of the Cost of the Cost of the Cost of the Cost of the Cost of the Cost of the Cost of the Cost of the Cost of the Cost of the Cost of the Cost of the Cost of the Cost of the Cost of the Cost of the Cost of the Cost of the Cost of the Cost of the Cost of the Cost of the Cost of the Cost of the Cost of the Cost of the Cost of the Cost of the Cost of the Cost of the Cost of the Cost of the Cost of the Cost of the Cost of the Cost of the Cost of the Cost of the Cost of the Cost of the Cost of the Cost of the Cost of the Cost of the Cost of the Cost of the Cost of the Cost of the Cost of the Cost of the Cost of the Cost of the Cost of the Cost of the Cost of the Cost of the Cost of the Cost of the Cost of the Cost of the Cost of the Cost of the Cost of the Cost of the Cost of the Cost of the Cost of the Cost of the Cost of the Cost of the Cost of the Cost of the Cost of the Cost of the Cost of the Cost of the Cost of the Cost of the Cost of the Cost of the ”[9] “The Legend of Fu” also says: & TC:
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